Unesco eolss sample chapters petroleum engineering downstream analytical methods and techniques applied to crude oil and petroleum products james g. Non standard tests for predict impact of crude oil quality on. The relative percentage of each varies from oil to oil, determining the properties of each oil. An optimum formulation concept is presented to describe emulsion breaking in. Salts carried with the products act as catalyst poisons in catalytic cracking units. Therefore, they rely on the chemical and structural information of crude oil constituents, especially on molecules which are supposed to convey genetic information. The first oil refinery unit is crude oil desalting. Non standard tests for predict impact of crude oil quality. Temperature and pressure volume correction factors for generalised crude oils, refined products and lubricating oils.
A desalter is a process unit in an oil refinery that removes salt from the crude oil. The image on the following page is a schematic flow diagram of a typical oil refinery that depicts the various unit processes and the flow of intermediate product streams that occurs between the inlet crude oil feedstock and the final end products. Crude oil price is, indirectly, among the most public commodity price. By reading this presentation, the reader agrees not to disclose any information contained in the presentation without the prio. Salts deposit inside the tubes of furnaces and on the tube bundles of heat exchangers creating fouling, thus reducing the heat transfer efficiency. While doing so, our heat exchangers deliver continuous uptime and extend equipment lifetime to the crude oil refiners. Wti crude oil right axis crude oil prices are the primary driver of petroleum product prices 9 richard newell, may 5, 2011 price per gallon real 2009 dollars, monthly average price per barrel real 2009 dollars sources. You will save money from reduced tank downtime and earn money from marketable crude at the same time. Pdf desalting crude oil analysis of salt in crude oil. A sample of 100 mg of crude oil was dissolved in 5 ml hexane.
Crude oilwater emulsions typically contain 530% of water when oils are produced from oil wells. Desalting of crude oil is necessary due to the relationship between the price of exported crude oil and its quality. Crude oil dehydration and desalting system with a higher. Apart from considering the properties indicated in the reports by n. Nelson 23 gives a list of methods for judging the base of an oil. Demulsifier weaken the oil layer around water to coalesce with other droplets.
Crude oil desalter encyclopedia article citizendium. Four different types of hydrocarbon molecules appear in crude oil. Crude oil and natural gas are predominantly composed by hydrocarbon atoms, water and a wide spectrum of elements at low levels such as arsenic, vanadium and mercury. These maximize feed water preheating while effectively cooling effluent water. List of crude oils c rude name alphabets order crude name state country page abouzar ardeshir iran 1. Petroleum engineering downstream analytical methods and techniques applied to crude oil and petroleum products james g. Further treatment of crude oil takes place which involves emulsion treatmentdehydration and desalting. Salt in crude oil also causes reduction in heat transfer rates in heat exchangers and furnaces. An analysis of 7 factors that influence oil markets, with chart data updated monthly. Influence of key parameters on crude oil desalting.
The purpose of crude oil desalting is to remove these undesirable impurities, especially salts and water, from the crude oil prior to distillation the salt content in the crude oil varies depending on. Unfortunately, the properties routinely measured by oil producers and refiners are not the ones that on. After dissolution, 5 ml of nitromethane was added and a liquidliquid extraction was performed. The presence of mercury in crude oil and natural gas varies in each stage of extraction and transformation process because it distributes unequally among.
A crude oil desalter is a device used in petroleum refineries to remove inorganic salts, water and sediment from the incoming petroleum crude oil feedstock before it is refined. Crude oil desalting introduction poor desalting has the following effects. Correlations for crude oil density and temperature are found by use of tools based on astm d 125004 and ip 20004 api manual of petroleum measurement standards, chapter 11 physical properties data, section 1. Experimental investigation of crude oil desalting and dehydration article pdf available in chemical engineering communications 1901. How to crude oil desalting process in refinnerypetroleum. Petroleum crude oil composition by weight hydrocarbon average range paraffins 30% 15 to 60% naphthenes 49% 30 to 60% aromatics 15% 3 to 30% asphaltics 6% remainder.
This article focuses on the use of electrostatic desalters to produce a dehydrated, desalted crude oil with a low sediment content. Our nonman entry tank cleaning system safely desludges any crude tank in 80% less time, recovering 95% of hydrocarbons. Standard test method for salts in crude oil electrometric. The large swings consumers have seen over the last decade in the prices of gasoline, heating oil, and other petroleum products were driven by large movements. The saltsmay be present in crude oil in amounts ranging from a few pounds to over lb. The transportation of these crude oils through pipe lines has led to erosiveand corrosive effects, which are a tremendous cost to the petroleum industry. History, process and products nearly every aspect of our modern lifestyle is impacted by oil.
The washing water as a volume percent of the crude oil processed could oscillate between 3 and 10%, depending on the api gravity of the crude oil the heavier the crude oil, the more the water required 2. In total, more than 800 energy contracts are available in ices global energy markets, covering crude oil, refined petroleum, natural gas. Dehydration of crude oilinwater emulsions is typically carried out in washing tanks of various configuration, wherein the emulsified oil is introduction into the tank and passed through a water cushion wherein a washing process takes place due to the physicalchemical similarity of the phases. An anatomy of the crude oil pricing system oxford institute for. Collecting scientific articles and books published from 2000 to 2011 in related tire recycling topic. Speight encyclopedia of life support systems eolss 1. Crude oil desalting using hydrocyclones pdf free download.
Desalting, the removal of formation water from oil, is a vital process in crude oil recovery. Typically, crude oil is a mixture of over 150 different hydrocarbons, most of which are unbranched straight chain alkanes. Mercury in extraction and refining process of crude oil and. However actual annual production is based on reservoir management requirements. Unfortunately, the properties routinely measured by oil producers and refiners are not the ones that onscene commanders need to know most urgently. For the following reasons, it is of utmost importance to reduce the amount of salt in the crude before processing the crude in the crude distillation unit and consequently.
A desalting system such as the one shown schematically in fig. Crude oil introduced to refinery processing contains many undesirable impurities, such as sand, inorganic salts, drilling mud, polymer, corrosion byproduct, etc. The diagram depicts only one of the literally hundreds of different oil refinery configurations. Composition of crude oil crude oil crude oil is defined as a mixture of hydrocarbons that existed in the liquid phase in natural underground reservoirs and remains liquid at atmospheric pressure after passing through surface separating facilities. Crude oil characterization crude oil quality association.
Pdf experimental investigation of crude oil desalting and. Separation of the different hydrocarbon chains is done through fractional distillation. Desalters provide more protection to costly refinery equipment than any other single piece of process hardware. Horizontal drilling and multistage hydraulic fracturing are now utilized to access oil and natural gas resources from shale rock formations that were previously either technically impossible or uneconomic to produce. From a crude oil sample, the polyaromatic fraction was isolated using a liquidliquid partitioning between hexane and nitromethane. Smith,17 and lane and garton,20 there are several methods which make use of the fact that properties are a function of the character of crude oils for the purpose of evaluating the base of stocks. Introduction petroleum also called crude oil astm test method d4175 meaning literally rock oil is the. Salt and water content specifications are even more rigid because of their negative effect in downstream processes due to corrosion, and catalyst deactivation. The united states tops the list of oil consumers and has been the single largest consumer of the commodity for the last 25 years. Medium sour crude oil with the quality specifications of api 32. However, none of these products would exist without the.
Stabilized crude oil is transported through pipeline to mesaieed port about 100 kms east of dukhan. Q3,q4 abstract this paper examines the factors responsible for changes in crude oil prices. Understanding crude oil prices nber working paper no. Dukhan field has a total of 300 oil producing wells, 182 water injection. Crude oil characteristics research sampling, analysis and.
An increase of one part per million ppm of water and brine reduces the cost of crude oil by approximately 0. Dukhan field has a total of 300 oilproducing wells, 182 water injection. The salt is dissolved in the water in the crude oil, not in the crude oil itself. Desalting is a waterwashing operation performed initially at the production field and thereafter at the refinery site for additional crude oil cleanup.
Further salts are detrimental for catalysts in the downstream conversion processes. Mar 06, 2015 oil water emulsion micro size droplets of oil is surrounded by water. Mercury in extraction and refining process of crude oil. Larry kremer, baker petrolite crude oil quality group may 29, 2003 this presentation contains the proprietary information of baker petrolite corporation. Although a lot of folks pay attention to the demand increase from china and india, most of the demand for crude oil and the resulting price pressures still comes from the. Oil is used to power our vehicles, to create medicines that keep us healthy, and to make the plastics, cosmetics, and other personal products that enhance our daily lives. Demand oecd the organization of economic cooperation and development oecd consists of the united states, much of europe, and other advanced countries. After decades of decline, crude oil production in the united states has recently been increasing rapidly. Analytical methods and techniques applied to crude oil and. Wang institute of pressure vessel and process equipment, east china university of science and technology, shanghai, pr china. The modern petroleum refinery has a series of core process units that create clean gasoline and low sulfur diesel fuel. The process starts by mixing the raw crude oil with an appropriate amount of washing water also known as dilution water. Alfa laval has about 100 heat exchangers installed in refinery desalting processes around the world. Nov 09, 20 composition of crude oil crude oil crude oil is defined as a mixture of hydrocarbons that existed in the liquid phase in natural underground reservoirs and remains liquid at atmospheric pressure after passing through surface separating facilities.
Oilwater emulsion micro size droplets of oil is surrounded by water. Dukhan oil field has production facilities to produce up to 335,000 barrels per day bd. View test prep crude oil dehydration and desalting. Past episodes of significant oil price declines have often been associated with a weak global economy and followed by a sharp reduction in inflation.
In some cases changes the polarity and so the droplets attract each other to coalesced. The salt can lead to fouling and corrosion of heat exchangers and distillation overhead systems. Geologists and geochemists are more interested in identifying and characterizing the crude oils, to relate them to source rocks and to measure their grade of evolution. Crude oil is vaporised and passed through a column. Speight encyclopedia of life support systems eolss saudi arabia 0. Pdf experimental investigation of crude oil desalting. At 53 percent of world oil consumption in 2010, these large economies consume more oil than the nonoecd countries, but have much lower oil consumption growth.
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